Which is best for India?: F-35, Su-57, or indigenous development?

India is at a critical juncture in modernizing its air force, facing a strategic decision between acquiring the American F-35, strengthening ties with Russia’s Su-57, or focusing on indigenous fighter jet programs. With an aging fleet and increasing tensions with China, the Indian Air Force (IAF) must carefully balance cost, technology, and self-reliance in its next move.

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F-35: A high-tech but costly choice

During a recent visit to Washington, Prime Minister Narendra Modi discussed potential F-35 procurement with US President Donald Trump. The fifth-generation stealth fighter, equipped with cutting-edge sensors and AI-based combat systems, is among the world’s most advanced aircraft. However, at $80 million per unit, the F-35 is one of the costliest options.

Beyond pricing, integrating the F-35 into India’s diverse fleet—comprising Russian, French, and domestic jets—poses technical and logistical hurdles. Additionally, US restrictions on co-production and operational use contradict India’s "Make in India" policy, making the deal less attractive. Experts suggest the offer is more about expanding US arms exports than addressing India’s defence needs.

Su-57: A diminishing option

Once a strong contender, Russia’s Su-57 has lost favor due to production delays, reliability concerns, and India’s shift away from Russian dependence. India exited a joint development project in 2018 over technology transfer and cost issues, and ongoing geopolitical tensions with Russia further complicate this option.

With no clear foreign alternative, India may prioritize indigenous fighter programs, ensuring long-term self-reliance while modernizing its air force.