Constitution Day 2025: All you need to know about India’s Supreme Law

India marks Constitution Day by revisiting how the nation’s guiding document was drafted, who shaped it, and why its principles remain crucial today.

India marks Constitution Day on Tuesday, looking back at the history, formation, and continued significance of the world’s longest handwritten constitution. The day serves as a moment to remember how the document was shaped between 1946 and 1949, and why its principles continue to anchor the nation’s democracy.

How the Constitution was framed

The drafting of the Constitution began shortly after India gained independence. The Constituent Assembly, with 299 members representing regions, communities, and interests from across the country, held more than 165 full-day sessions over nearly three years.

These discussions covered every aspect of the future Republic, from the structure of Parliament and the judiciary to individual rights, equality, and the federal character of the nation.

The Drafting Committee was led by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, whose legal expertise and leadership were key in shaping the final text. Members examined global constitutions, debated large and small issues, and revised multiple drafts before adopting the final version on November 26, 1949.

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Key contributors who shaped the Constitution

While Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is widely recognised as the chief architect, the Constitution reflects the work of many members, including Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad, Hansa Mehta, Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, B.N. Rau and others.

Their combined efforts brought together values of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity,  principles that continue to guide democratic functioning.

Why Constitution Day matters today

Constitution Day highlights the relevance of the document in modern India. Its provisions on fundamental rights guarantee freedom of speech, equality before law, and protection from discrimination.

Its directive principles guide policy-making, and its structure ensures checks and balances between institutions.

Public programmes, school readings, and awareness campaigns across the country underline the importance of understanding rights, duties, and the Constitution’s role in daily civic life.

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A living document shaping India’s future

Since coming into effect on January 26, 1950, the Constitution has evolved through more than 100 amendments, reflecting changing social and political needs. Even as India grows, the core vision drafted decades ago continues to serve as the foundation of governance.

Constitution Day stands as a reminder of this legacy, and the national commitment to uphold the values that define India as a republic.